🟢Thymosin Alpha-1 | 5mg

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring peptide derived from the larger prothymosin alpha protein, encoded by the PTMA gene. It is recognized for its role in immune modulation and has been researched extensively for its therapeutic potential in various diseases, including cancer, chronic infections, and immune deficiencies. Tα1 enhances T-cell function by increasing the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) complex components, involving the augmentation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor components crucial for T-cell proliferation and survival. It also promotes the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells, enhancing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86, vital for antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Additionally, Tα1 influences the secretion of various cytokines, increasing the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), key cytokines in the anti-infective and antitumor responses of the immune system, and regulates apoptosis through the modulation of expression levels of apoptosis-related genes.

Although the specific receptor through which Tα1 mediates its effects has not been unequivocally identified, several studies suggest that Tα1 may interact with components of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, particularly TLR9, likely occurring indirectly through modulation of the immune environment rather than direct binding to a specific receptor. On the genomic level, Tα1 activates transcription factors such as NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), which plays a critical role in cytokine production and immune cell regulation.

Clinically, Tα1 has been used to enhance vaccine efficacy and treat diseases with an immune dysfunction component, such as Hepatitis B and C, cancer (as an adjunct therapy), and HIV/AIDS. Its ability to modulate immune responses without causing overt immunostimulation or suppression makes it a valuable therapeutic agent in conditions where immune regulation is beneficial. Ongoing research is exploring Tα1's role in neurodegenerative diseases and its potential neuroprotective properties through immune-mediated mechanisms, as well as its impact on the gut microbiome and subsequent effects on systemic immunity. The multifaceted impact of Thymosin Alpha-1 on immune cells and signaling pathways continues to make it a subject of intense research and clinical interest.